The submarine roll, a culinary staple enjoyed worldwide, is known by many names: hoagie, grinder, poor boy, hero. But why “submarine?” The name evokes images of underwater vessels, not lunchtime fare. This article dives deep into the etymology of the submarine roll, exploring the various theories and historical contexts that have contributed to its nautical moniker. We’ll examine regional variations, competing claims, and the evolving relationship between language, food, and culture.
Delving into the Theories Behind the Name
The exact origin of the name “submarine roll” remains somewhat murky, shrouded in conflicting anecdotes and regional pride. However, several compelling theories attempt to explain its emergence, each offering a plausible piece of the puzzle.
The Visual Resemblance Theory: A Case of Shape and Form
Perhaps the most intuitive explanation is the simple observation of shape. A submarine roll, particularly when filled, bears a striking resemblance to a submarine. Its elongated, cylindrical form, often packed with layers of ingredients, echoes the profile of the iconic underwater vehicle. This visual association likely played a significant role in the sandwich acquiring its name, providing an easily understood and memorable descriptor. Imagine early sandwich makers and customers drawing comparisons between the lengthy bread and the increasingly popular submarines of the early 20th century. The parallel is undeniable, making this a widely accepted and logical theory.
The Naval Connection: Submarines and Shipyard Workers
Another popular theory links the submarine roll directly to the U.S. Navy and shipyard workers. During the early 20th century, as submarine technology advanced and naval bases expanded, the demand for affordable and portable lunches increased. Sandwich shops located near shipyards reportedly began offering large, filling sandwiches that were convenient for workers to carry and consume during their breaks. The sheer size and shape of these sandwiches, combined with their popularity among those building and maintaining submarines, may have led to the “submarine roll” designation. Stories abound of sailors and shipyard employees affectionately referring to their hefty lunches as “submarines,” a nickname that eventually caught on and became the standard term.
Regional Variations: A Tangled Web of Names
Understanding the regional variations of the submarine roll is crucial to unraveling its naming history. In Philadelphia, it’s a “hoagie.” In New York City, it’s a “hero.” In New Orleans, it’s a “poor boy” (or “po’ boy”). In New England, it might be a “grinder.” Each region boasts its own unique origin story and preferred nomenclature, reflecting local history, cultural influences, and culinary traditions.
The Philadelphia “Hoagie” Story: A Tale of Hog Island and Italian Immigrants
The Philadelphia “hoagie” is said to have originated in the early 20th century on Hog Island, a shipbuilding area during World War I. Workers at the Hog Island shipyard, primarily Italian immigrants, would bring large sandwiches packed with meats, cheeses, and vegetables for their lunches. These sandwiches, initially referred to simply as “hoggies” (a potential reference to the size of the sandwich or the workers themselves), eventually evolved into the “hoagie” we know today. While the connection to submarines may be less direct in this case, the common thread is the association with working-class individuals seeking substantial and convenient meals.
The New York “Hero”: A Bold and Courageous Sandwich
The New York “hero” sandwich has a more theatrical origin story. Legend has it that a food critic in the 1930s, upon tasting a particularly impressive and generously filled sandwich, declared that it would take a “hero” to eat the whole thing. The name stuck, reflecting the sandwich’s substantial size and impressive ingredients. Although the “hero” doesn’t explicitly evoke submarines, it shares the same characteristic of being a large, filling sandwich popular among working-class individuals.
The New Orleans “Poor Boy”: A Symbol of Resilience
The New Orleans “poor boy” sandwich, or “po’ boy,” has a poignant history rooted in the city’s labor struggles. During a streetcar strike in 1929, brothers Benny and Clovis Martin, former streetcar conductors who owned a sandwich shop, offered free sandwiches to the striking workers. They referred to these recipients as “poor boys,” and the name became synonymous with the affordable and filling sandwiches they provided. While the “poor boy” doesn’t directly relate to submarines, it highlights the cultural significance of sandwiches as a staple food for working-class communities, a common thread across all these regional variations.
The Timing of the Name: Submarines and Culinary Trends
The rise of the submarine roll coincided with the increasing popularity of submarines themselves. The early 20th century witnessed significant advancements in submarine technology, making them a prominent feature of naval power and public fascination. This heightened awareness of submarines likely influenced the naming conventions of various products, including sandwiches. The novelty and intrigue surrounding these underwater vessels made “submarine” a catchy and memorable term, contributing to the sandwich’s widespread adoption of the name. The association of the submarine roll with speed, innovation, and modernity also likely played a role in its popularity.
Italian-American Influence: A Culinary Legacy
Italian-American immigrants played a crucial role in the development and popularization of the submarine roll (and its many variations) in the United States. They brought with them a rich culinary tradition of using long, crusty bread to create flavorful and satisfying sandwiches. The combination of Italian meats, cheeses, and vegetables, combined with the innovative use of submarine-shaped bread, resulted in the culinary masterpiece we know and love. Italian-American delis and sandwich shops became hubs for these delectable creations, further solidifying the sandwich’s place in American food culture. The influence of Italian cuisine is undeniable, shaping not only the ingredients but also the cultural significance of the submarine roll.
The Evolution of the Submarine Roll: From Simple Fare to Culinary Art
The submarine roll has evolved significantly over time, transforming from a simple, working-class meal into a gourmet culinary experience. Early versions likely consisted of basic ingredients like cold cuts, cheese, and simple condiments. Today, however, submarine rolls can feature a wide array of fillings, from exotic meats and artisanal cheeses to gourmet vegetables and complex sauces. The sandwich has become a canvas for culinary creativity, reflecting the diverse tastes and preferences of modern consumers. This evolution demonstrates the enduring appeal and adaptability of the submarine roll, solidifying its place as a beloved and versatile food item.
The Lasting Legacy of the Submarine Roll
Regardless of its exact origin, the submarine roll has cemented its place in culinary history. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its versatility, affordability, and deliciousness. From its humble beginnings as a working-class staple to its current status as a gourmet delight, the submarine roll continues to satisfy appetites and inspire culinary innovation. Whether you call it a submarine, hoagie, hero, grinder, or poor boy, this iconic sandwich remains a symbol of cultural exchange, culinary creativity, and the enduring power of good food. The name “submarine,” in particular, serves as a reminder of a bygone era, connecting the sandwich to a time of technological innovation and cultural transformation.
Conclusion: A Deep Dive into a Delicious Mystery
The question of why it’s called a submarine roll is a multifaceted one, with no single, definitive answer. The visual resemblance to a submarine, the association with naval workers, and the influence of regional dialects all contribute to the story. Regardless of the precise origin, the name has stuck, conjuring up images of a long, filling, and satisfying sandwich. The submarine roll, in all its regional variations, represents a significant chapter in American culinary history, a testament to the power of food to connect cultures, inspire creativity, and nourish communities. The name “submarine” is not just a label; it’s a piece of the sandwich’s identity, a reminder of its historical roots and cultural significance. The story of the submarine roll is a delicious mystery, one that continues to evolve with each new ingredient and each new generation of sandwich lovers.
Here’s a quick recap of the key aspects discussed:
- Visual Resemblance: The elongated shape mirrors a submarine.
- Naval Connection: Popular among shipyard workers building submarines.
- Regional Variations: Different names (hoagie, hero, etc.) reflect local history.
- Timing: Emerged during the rise of submarine technology.
- Italian-American Influence: Contributed significantly to its development.
- Evolution: Transformed from simple fare to culinary art.
Looking Ahead: The Future of the Submarine Roll
The submarine roll, in all its glorious forms, is not likely to disappear anytime soon. Its adaptability and enduring appeal ensure its continued presence on menus and in lunchboxes worldwide. As culinary trends evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative and exciting variations of this classic sandwich, further solidifying its place as a culinary icon. The future of the submarine roll is bright, filled with endless possibilities and delicious surprises.
This is the conclusion of the exploration into the origins of the submarine roll’s name.
Why is the submarine roll called a “submarine” in the first place?
The name “submarine” is believed to have originated from the sandwich’s elongated, cylindrical shape, which strikingly resembles a submarine. As submarines gained popularity and became more recognizable in the early 20th century, the association between the sandwich’s form and the vessel’s was easily made. This visual similarity led to the adoption of the “submarine” moniker, capturing the essence of the sandwich’s unique physical characteristic.
Furthermore, early versions of these large sandwiches were often sold at naval shipyards or near naval bases, further solidifying the link between the sandwich and the maritime vessel. Sailors and shipyard workers, familiar with submarines, readily embraced the descriptive name, contributing to its widespread acceptance. The term effectively conveyed the sandwich’s size and shape, making it a memorable and relatable identifier.
Are there other names for a submarine roll, and where are they used?
Yes, the submarine roll goes by a plethora of regional names across the United States, reflecting the diverse culinary landscape. “Hoagie” is common in Philadelphia and surrounding areas, while “grinder” is frequently used in New England, particularly in Connecticut and Massachusetts. “Hero” is another popular term, especially in New York City, and “poor boy” (or “po’boy”) is synonymous with this type of sandwich in Louisiana.
The variations in naming conventions highlight the localized evolution of the sandwich and its regional adaptations. Each term carries its own historical and cultural significance, often tied to specific immigrant communities or regional culinary traditions. Understanding these alternative names provides a richer appreciation for the submarine roll’s place in American food history and its diverse expressions.
What ingredients typically go into a submarine roll?
A classic submarine roll typically features a hearty array of ingredients layered within a long, sliced roll. Cold cuts such as ham, salami, pepperoni, and provolone cheese are common staples. Lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and sometimes bell peppers or other vegetables provide fresh crunch and flavor contrast.
Beyond the standard ingredients, many variations exist depending on regional preferences and personal taste. Pickles, olives, oil and vinegar, mayonnaise, mustard, and various herbs and spices can be added to enhance the sandwich’s overall flavor profile. The beauty of the submarine roll lies in its versatility, allowing for endless customization to suit individual preferences.
When did the submarine roll become popular in the United States?
The submarine roll began to gain widespread popularity in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. While its precise origins are debated, various Italian-American communities played a significant role in its development and dissemination. As Italian immigrants settled in different parts of the country, they adapted traditional sandwich-making techniques using locally available ingredients.
The post-World War II era saw a surge in the popularity of the submarine roll, fueled by factors such as increased mobility, a growing fast-food industry, and a general appetite for convenient and affordable meals. The sandwich’s size, portability, and customizable nature made it an appealing option for a wide range of consumers, contributing to its enduring appeal.
Is there a specific type of bread that is considered “submarine bread”?
Yes, there is a specific type of bread generally associated with submarine rolls. It’s typically a long, cylindrical loaf with a slightly crusty exterior and a soft, chewy interior. The bread should be sturdy enough to hold a generous amount of fillings without becoming soggy or falling apart.
The ideal submarine bread also has a mild flavor that complements rather than overpowers the other ingredients. It should provide a neutral base that allows the flavors of the meats, cheeses, and vegetables to shine through. While variations exist depending on regional preferences, the fundamental characteristics of a long, sturdy, and flavorful bread remain consistent.
How does the submarine roll differ from other types of sandwiches?
The submarine roll is distinguished from other sandwiches primarily by its size, shape, and the specific combination of ingredients typically used. Its elongated, cylindrical shape sets it apart from square or triangular sandwiches. The generous portion size, often enough to serve as a full meal, is another defining characteristic.
Furthermore, the traditional submarine roll features a specific combination of cold cuts, cheeses, and vegetables layered within the long roll. While variations exist, the core components usually remain consistent. Other types of sandwiches, such as grilled cheese or club sandwiches, have different ingredient combinations and preparations that distinguish them from the submarine roll.
Are there vegetarian or vegan versions of submarine rolls?
Yes, vegetarian and vegan versions of submarine rolls are readily available and increasingly popular. Instead of cold cuts, vegetarian options often include grilled vegetables, roasted peppers, marinated tofu, or plant-based protein alternatives. These ingredients provide a flavorful and satisfying alternative to meat-based fillings.
Vegan submarine rolls further exclude cheese and mayonnaise, opting for vegan cheese substitutes, hummus, avocado, or other plant-based spreads. The versatility of the submarine roll allows for creative adaptations to accommodate various dietary preferences, ensuring that everyone can enjoy this classic sandwich in a way that aligns with their lifestyle.